Agricultural prevention and control is the method of eliminating, avoiding or mitigating diseases by using farming and cultivation techniques in agricultural production. It is the fundamental measure to suppress and eliminate diseases and obtain high yields and harvests.
Agricultural control measures include the following:
Seedlings in the open field are covered with insect-proof nets to prevent aphids, whiteflies, and viral diseases.
Properly control watering, sprinkle a small amount of dry fine soil or plant ash to fill the joints after emergence, divide the seedlings in time, and cover the film before rain to prevent rain.
When diseased seedlings are found, pull them out immediately, take them out of the seedbed and bury them deeply, and treat the diseased points.
(1) Crop rotation: The function of crop rotation is to adjust the soil fertility, and the vegetables grow well, and their disease resistance will be enhanced accordingly. Each parasite has a certain range of hosts. When there is no host, the pathogen will gradually die. The root system of various vegetable crops has the effect of changing the microbial population in the rhizosphere and making them antagonize, inhibit or kill some pathogens. Therefore, instead of planting one type of vegetable crops on one piece of land, but planting a variety of different vegetable crops alternately, after a certain period of time, the pathogens hidden in the ground may be greatly reduced or even eliminated, and finally the host plants will not be able to survive. Onset or mild onset.
(2) Cultivation: Cultivation is a measure to directly change the soil environment, which directly affects the pathogens overwintering in the soil. Tilling the land can turn the diseased residues left on the ground and the dormant structures of overwintering pathogens, such as sclerotia, into the soil, accelerating the decomposition and decay of the diseased residues, and accelerating the overwintering pathogens lurking in the diseased residues. After death, or after the sclerotia etc. are deeply buried in the soil, the infectivity will be lost in the second year. On the other hand, after the soil is plowed, due to the drying of the topsoil and direct sunlight, some pathogens can also lose their vitality in a short period of time.
(3) Weeding and field cleaning: Some virus diseases have a wide range of hosts. Field weeds, especially perennial weeds, often carry viruses. This virus-carrying weed is the first invasion of some vegetable virus diseases. source of contamination. Therefore, the eradication of field edge weeds is of great significance to the prevention and treatment of viral diseases.
Field cleaning includes two aspects: one is to remove or pull out the leaves, fruits, or diseased plants that are newly infected in time during the growth of vegetables, so as to prevent the pathogen from expanding and spreading in the field. This mainly refers to the stage of the initial infection of the disease. The effect of reducing the re-infection of pathogens; the second is that after the vegetables are harvested, the diseased plants left on the ground are burned or buried deeply. Because the pathogens of many vegetables survive the summer or winter in the sick body. After harvest, centralized treatment of pathogens plays an important role in reducing the source of primary infection of pathogens in the next growing season.
(4) Crop layout and sowing time: The rational layout of crops is the reasonable arrangement of stubble. Infectious diseases are induced by the infection of pathogens. A certain pathogen has a certain range of hosts. If the stubble is not properly arranged, the disease can be aggravated. Adjusting the sowing date can stagger the peak period of crop disease and the pathogenic period of pathogen infection, so as to avoid the disease.
(5) Fertilizer and irrigation: Reasonable fertilization and irrigation are closely related to the growth of vegetable crops and the occurrence of diseases. In terms of fertilization, the type, amount, and method of use of fertilizers are related to diseases. Timely drainage and irrigation is a particularly important technical measure in vegetable production. It not only directly affects the activity of pathogens in the soil and the root growth of crops, but also indirectly promotes changes in the microclimate in the vegetable field, thereby affecting the occurrence of diseases.
(6) Seedlings: The pathogens of some diseases are transmitted through seedlings. Sow with infected or poisonous seeds (tubers, etc.), and the grown seedlings will become diseased, and these diseased seedlings will be transplanted into the field and become the central diseased strain of the disease that year. Therefore, it is very important to sow disease-free seedlings. The purpose of prevention and control can be achieved through seed inspection and selection of disease-free seeds as sowing materials. However, the best approach is to establish disease-free seed reserves or disease-free seed areas.
(7) Proper harvesting and reasonable storage: For products that are ready to be stored after harvesting, the time of harvesting, the degree of delicacy of harvesting, and the management before and after storage are all important. To harvest at the right time, you should choose sunny days to help the wounds heal quickly. Keep low temperature, ventilated and dry environment during storage.
