In the cultivation and management of fruit gardens, for the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests, people often only pay attention to the prevention and control of the growth period, while ignoring the prevention and control in winter and early spring. In fact, the prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests in winter and early spring dormant period is an important period of year-round control work.
After the winter, the pests and diseases that endanger the fruit forest land, as the temperature drops, lurking in the skin cracks, scars, branches, fallen fruits, fallen leaves, dead fruits and soil of the trees, and it is necessary to thoroughly clean and disinfect the garden at this stage. The method is simple and effective.
1 till the soil
Ploughing can improve soil structure, increase soil fertility to facilitate fruit trees to grow and develop robustly, and enhance resistance to pests and diseases. It is best to turn it over before freezing. Pests that overwinter in the soil after ploughing are turned to the surface to freeze or dry to death, some are eaten by birds or other animals, and some can be directly killed by farming tools. At the same time, ploughing can also turn a large number of weeds, fallen leaves, and diseased fruits with diseases and insects on the soil surface to the deep soil layer, which not only increases the fertilizer source, but also reduces the early leaf anthracnose and frost of fruit trees that overwinter in the fallen leaves and diseased fruits. Mildew, pear nettle, golden stripe moth and other diseases and insect pests.
Peach worms, pear worms, apple boat caterpillars, flat moths, grape tiger moths, scarabs, etc., spend the winter as larvae and pupae in the soil, and the depth of burial is mostly within 10-15 cm. Before cooling down, it is advisable to carry out a deep ploughing of the orchard during the period of time. The depth of ploughing should be 30-40 cm, and it is advisable not to damage the thick roots of more than 1 cm, which can kill these pests.
2 Clean up orchards
The insect states of some pests (eggs, larvae, pupae, etc.) and the spores and mycelium of the pathogens can safely overwinter in the litter. Such as mites, scale insects, leaf roller moths, anthracnose, scab, canker, apple brown spot, round spot, grape powdery mildew, black pox and other pathogens, pear golden-striped moth, flower nettle, Weevils, grape dust mites, two star leaf borers, ten star leaf beetles, citrus jellyfish, etc., generally lurking in fallen leaves or dead fruit to overwinter, and the next year is a new source of pests and diseases.
Therefore, a thorough garden cleaning should be carried out in winter to remove dead branches and leaves, pick up fallen fruits, shovel up weeds, and burn them or bury them in a centralized manner in time to reduce the source of insects and diseases, and reduce the incidence of diseases and insects in the fruit garden next year. , the effect is significant.
3 Winter irrigation to exterminate insects
Irrigation of fruit gardens in winter can freeze the eggs and larvae of many pests around the rhizosphere of fruit trees and reduce the emergence rate of pupae. Winter irrigation should be carried out during the day and night when it is freezing. The alternating freezing and thawing can loosen the soil and improve soil fertility.
4 Pruning out diseased branches
Use the opportunity of winter shearing to cut off the diseased and insect branches and burn them centrally. If the moth is deep and the branch must be kept, a bamboo stick or steel wire can be used to poke the moth hole, and the moth can be pulled out or stabbed to death. For the parts where the wormhole is deep and cannot be bent and pierced, a cotton ball can be dipped in 400 times of dichlorvos solution or 1 grain of gram Niuling, or half a piece of aluminum phosphide is inserted into the wormhole, and then the outside is coated with ooze to remove the wormhole into the branch. Pests are fumigated and killed in the hole.
By pruning the insect branches, more than 90% of the overwintering insects of the tip leaf roller can be eliminated. At the same time of pruning off the diseased and insect branches, the fruit trees should be pruned reasonably once to make them ventilated and light, the tree body should be reasonably burdened, and its disease resistance ability will be enhanced.
When pruning, cutting off diseased and insect branches and treating them in time can prevent dry rot, anthracnose of loquat, downy mildew, powdery mildew, black pox of grapes, aphid eggs, longhorn beetle, scale insects and other diseases and insects source. The wound caused by pruning is the gateway for many germs to invade, so it must be protected by applying Bordeaux mixture to the pruning wound.
5 Finely scrape the bark and whiten the trunk
Scrape off the old warped bark on the branches, and eliminate the red spiders, psyllids, heart eaters, leaf rollers, pear star caterpillars, scale insects, and citrus brown beetles lurking in the gaps of the bark.
The diseased parts of fruit tree dry rot, rot disease, ring disease, chestnut tungsten blight and other diseases should be scraped off at the same time, and the old bark should be scraped off from the insect-infested part; Buried deep.
After scraping off the rough skin and disease spots, white paint should be brushed in time. It can not only prevent pests and diseases, but also prevent freezing damage. The preparation method of white paint is: 10 parts of quicklime, 1 to 2 parts of table salt, and 35 to 40 parts of water. Use a small amount of water to dissolve the quicklime into a paste, then add the salt, and then add enough water according to the proportion and stir well. Paint the entire trunk, trying to be even and thoughtful.
6 Protect beneficial insects
Regardless of which method is used to eliminate pests, care must be taken to protect the egg masses of beneficial insects such as praying mantises and giant spiders. For example, the egg mass of mantis is rough and hard, and it is firmly adhered to the bend of the tree or other hidden places, and the skin should not be damaged when scraping.
Other beneficial insects should also be protected. Put plastic sheets and other materials on the ground around the trunk, collect the scraped rough skin, insect eggs, larvae, pupae, etc. and bring them back indoors. Clean up the insects separately, and put them in the insect cages. When the insects start to move in the spring, put the collected beneficial insects back into the orchard, so that the beneficial insects can multiply as soon as possible, and play the role of eliminating the orchard pests in time.
In order to prevent pests from being caught in the remaining bark, all the remaining bark should be burned. In winter, Sokcho trapping can also be carried out, that is, using the selectivity of pests to overwintering sites, trapping pests and eliminating them in a centralized manner. For example, to control pear and peach worms, tie grass handles on the main branches of the trunk to lure the larvae to overwinter in the grass, and then untie the grass handles and burn them, which can kill a large number of fruit tree pests hidden in the grass handles.
7 Spraying control
(1) Sprinkle medicine on the tree tray. When the tree trays are covered in winter, a layer of Miller is sprinkled on the tree trays and buried in the soil to poison the overwintering pear-eating flies, black cicadas and other fruit garden pests.
(2) From December to the end of January of the following year, spray chemical pesticides carefully one by one. The optional agents include high-concentration lime-sulfur mixture (apple, pear, peach and other deciduous fruit trees spray 5 Baume degrees; citrus, bayberry, etc. spray 1 to 2 small degrees) for disinfection. For orchards that are seriously damaged by scale insects, spray 5% engine oil emulsion or 18-20 times turpentine mixture first.
Around the orchard, 2.5% deltamethrin or 20% deltamethrin 4 000 to 5 000 times liquid can be used to kill aphids, planthoppers and flea beetles. After the beginning of spring, before and after the overwintering pests begin to move, use 90% crystal trichlorfon 800 times solution, or 50% malathion 150 times solution, spray once for control. After pruning the garden in winter, it is generally sprayed with a lime sulfur mixture of 1 to 3 Baume degrees, which can prevent and treat various orchard diseases such as scab, anthracnose, resin disease, powdery mildew, and rust.
