In the daily management of orchards, many fruit farmers have a big misunderstanding, that is, they only focus on ground management and ignore underground management, especially the management of soil. However, many fruit trees suffer from root diseases or even die due to poor air permeability of orchard soil.
Soil compaction mainly has the following factors
1. The texture of farmland soil is too sticky and the tillage layer is shallow
The clay content in clay is high, and the average tillage layer is less than 20cm. The capillary pores in the soil are relatively small, and the ventilation, water permeability and warming properties are poor. After rain or irrigation, the pores are easily blocked, causing the soil surface to crust.
2. Severe lack of organic fertilizer and reduced amount of straw returned to the field
The organic matter in the soil is insufficient, the soil organic matter content is low, the structure is poor, the activity of microorganisms is affected, and the formation of soil aggregate structure is affected, causing the soil acidity and alkalinity to be too large or too small, resulting in soil compaction.
3. Excessive use of plastic products
If mulch and plastic bags are not cleaned up, they cannot be completely decomposed in the soil, forming harmful lumps. In my country, waste plastics that enter landfills with domestic waste each year account for 3%-5% of the weight of landfill waste, most of which are plastic bag waste, which is not easy to degrade when applied to the soil, causing soil compaction.
4. Long-term single-site partial application of chemical fertilizers
Farmyard manure is seriously insufficient, heavy nitrogen and light phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, soil organic matter decreases, humus cannot be replenished in time, causing soil compaction and cracking.
5. Agricultural measures such as suppression and plowing lead to destruction of the upper soil structure
Due to the influence of excessive mechanical tillage, the soil aggregate structure is destroyed. Only part of the fertilizer applied to the soil each year is absorbed and utilized by the crops of the season, and the rest is fixed by the soil, forming a large amount of acid salt deposition, causing soil compaction.
6. Accumulation of harmful substances
In some places, the content of groundwater, industrial wastewater and toxic substances is high. Long-term use of irrigation causes excessive accumulation of toxic substances, causing surface soil compaction.
7. Sandstorm, rainstorm and soil erosion
When encountering sandstorm and rainstorm, the fine soil particles in the topsoil layer are carried away, which destroys the soil structure and causes soil compaction. In this regard, it is very urgent for fruit farmers to change their concepts, do a good job in soil management, and improve soil permeability.
How to scientifically improve the permeability of orchard soil?
1. The purpose of irrigation is to water the roots, not the soil. Most farmers use flood irrigation in orchard irrigation. In fact, this irrigation method is one of the main reasons for the poor permeability of orchard soil. The death of fruit trees such as peach trees and cherry trees is mostly related to unreasonable irrigation methods.
The correct irrigation method should be furrow irrigation, which is to open a ditch with a depth of 15 to 20 cm along one side of the tree for irrigation. This method not only saves water resources, but also requires less investment for farmers. More importantly, it has a good irrigation effect, because the water is directly poured into the fruit tree root absorption area below 20 cm, avoiding the phenomenon of root suffocation and death due to lack of oxygen due to flood irrigation.
2. Remind fruit farmers that in the drier and less rainy seasons, they should pay more attention to strengthening the cultivation of the orchard and improve the air permeability of the orchard soil by breaking the soil compaction. During the cultivation process, the capillary roots of the fruit trees are cut off, which reduces the evaporation of water on the ground and has a certain effect on soil moisture retention.
3. Pay attention to the drainage of orchards after rain. The poor air permeability of orchard soil is closely related to water accumulation, which is also a problem that many farmers tend to ignore in their daily orchard management.
Often many farmers do not enter the fields on rainy days. When the rain stops and they enter the fields, the roots of the fruit trees have been soaked for a long time, and problems such as poor breathing of the fruit trees have already appeared. Therefore, it is necessary for fruit farmers to adopt furrow irrigation when irrigating the orchard, because the furrows opened for irrigation can also help drain water.
4. In addition to water control and cultivation, fruit farmers also need to pay attention to the application of organic fertilizers and bacterial fertilizers in orchard management. Applying organic fertilizer and bacterial fertilizer can not only enhance soil fertility and soil activity, but also release various elements in the soil. In addition, after the activity of soil microorganisms, the structure of the soil changes and the soil becomes loose. Once the soil is loose, the air permeability and water and fertilizer retention capacity will also increase. The above is the reason why fruit trees are suffocated to death. Improving soil permeability is the best solution.
